Condoms and STI Protection: Current Situation in Europe and Why Prevention Matters

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to rise across the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA), highlighting the need for increased public awareness, prevention strategies, and accessible testing services. The latest Annual Epidemiological Reports from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reveal significant increases in reported cases of syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia in 2023. These trends demand immediate action to prevent further transmission and mitigate the long-term health consequences of untreated infections.

Gonorrhoea Cases Surge by Over 30% in One Year

In 2023, nearly 100,000 confirmed cases of gonorrhoea were reported across EU/EEA countries, marking a 31% increase compared to 2022 and a staggering 300% rise since 2014. The infection was detected across all demographics, with notable increases in:

• Women aged 20–24, the most affected group, with cases rising 46% in 2023
• Men aged 25–34, recording the highest infection rates
• Men who have sex with men (MSM), who continue to experience high rates of transmission

Untreated gonorrhoea can cause severe health issues, including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and complications during pregnancy.

Syphilis Cases Double Since 2014

The number of syphilis cases also continues to climb. In 2023, 41,051 confirmed cases were reported in 29 EU/EEA countries, reflecting a 13% increase from 2022 and a twofold increase since 2014. Key findings include:

• Men account for 87% of cases, with seven men diagnosed for every one woman
• The highest infection rates are seen in men aged 25–34
• 72% of cases occur among MSM
• Rising cases in women across all age groups

If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe complications affecting the heart and nervous system. Pregnant women with syphilis face increased risks of passing the infection to their baby, potentially resulting in serious health consequences for newborns.

Chlamydia: The Most Common STI in Europe

Although the increase in chlamydia notifications slowed in 2023, the infection remains the most frequently reported bacterial STI in Europe, with over 230,000 cases recorded. Since 2014, cases have risen by 13%, primarily affecting young women aged 20–24.

The Growing Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

A particularly alarming trend is the increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in gonorrhoea. Drug-resistant strains threaten the effectiveness of current treatments, making prevention and responsible antibiotic use more crucial than ever. The ECDC actively monitors AMR trends in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, working with countries to strengthen surveillance and implement strategies to combat resistance.

Why Are STI Cases Increasing?

Several factors contribute to the rise in STI cases:

• Increased testing leading to higher detection rates
• Changing sexual behaviors, such as reduced condom use and multiple sexual partners
• Limited awareness and access to testing in certain populations

Prevention and Testing: Essential Steps to Combat STI Spread

Prevention and early detection play key roles in reducing transmission. Public health experts emphasize proactive measures to address rising STI rates.

To reduce the risks associated with STIs:

• Consistently use condoms during vaginal, anal, and oral sex
• Communicate openly with sexual partners about STI prevention
• Seek regular STI testing, especially for individuals with new, casual, or multiple partners
• Recognize symptoms such as pain during urination, unusual discharge, ulcers, or rashes in the genital area

Even in the absence of symptoms, regular testing is crucial, as many STIs remain asymptomatic but can still be transmitted.

How Condoms Reduce STI Transmission

Condoms act as a physical barrier that significantly lowers the likelihood of infection transmission by preventing direct exchange of bodily fluids during sexual activity. When used correctly and consistently, they reduce the risk of transmission of infections such as gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, and HIV.

Regular testing also plays a crucial role in early detection and prompt treatment of STIs. Many infections are asymptomatic, meaning a person may unknowingly transmit them. Sexually active individuals are encouraged to undergo routine STI screenings and use condoms to protect themselves and their partners.

Conclusion

Rising STI rates in Europe reinforce the importance of prevention. Consistent condom use, regular testing, and informed decision-making remain among the most effective tools to reduce transmission and protect sexual health.